In his honor, I pass on the following quotation from The Ravenous Brain: How the New Science of Consciousness Explains Our Insatiable Search for Meaning by neuroscientist Daniel Bor:

“Humans are unusual in the animal kingdom in that although we are born fully formed, with all the parts where they should be, we are helpless for many months—normally having to wait for over a year before we can even walk. Part of the reason for this is somewhat trivial: If we were born with our brains properly developed, we would have to be born with much larger heads, and our mothers would require pelvises so large they would hardly be able to walk. Another reason, though, goes to the heart of what it means to be human. In this seesaw between fast, brittle, uncomplicated instincts and slower, flexible, potentially complex plans, humans definitely weigh heavily on the side of the latter. We begin life embarrassingly ignorant and incapable, but have an enormous capacity to learn and optimize any motor skill and any representation of the world—and that’s exactly what we spend our lives doing.”

The website explains “We have carefully chosen five upperclassmen that represent different niches on campus, as well as cultural and ethnic backgrounds. We feel these students embody the well rounded Wake Forest community and through them, we want to exhibit the Pro Humanitate ideals. Their faces are currently displayed on the Lower Quad in a 70′ x 10′ print as an artistic expression of the Wake Forest experience.”

Check out the website and the profile of Charles here.

That said, I am also convinced that gaining meaningful and productive employment ranks a close second as a goal of becoming educated. Sigmund Freud was wrong about many things, but I think he was correct in observing that two things give meaning and purpose to life: love and work.

The mission of the James S. Kemper Foundation focuses on assisting students to complement their liberal arts education with hands-on experience in the world of work. For about 65 years the Foundation, through its Kemper Scholars Program and grants, has operated with the belief that enabling students to work in professional positions with mentoring will educate them about the workplace application of the skills they have been developing on campus and about ways to be an effective, ethical professional.

It feels good to have evidence that employers share our values and our philosophy.

The Chronicle of Higher Education, the trade paper of college and university professionals, reported in its March 8, 2013 issue on a survey conducted by The Chronicle and American Public Media’s Marketplace.  The study concluded, “Employers want new graduates to have real-world experience. Internships and work during college matter most. . . .”

While that part of the conclusion may not be surprising, the other part is. It runs counter to what students think (as established by a parallel survey) and contrary to what they often told by others: “Employers said that each of those [internships and work] was about four times as important as college reputation, which they rated as least important. Relevance of coursework and grade-point average rounded out the bottom of the list.”

This study has many implications, but one that supports one of my favorite hobby-horses is that students should exchange their choice of seeking multiple majors and minors for opportunities to get internships and work experience.

“Earlier this week I heard a story on NPR on maps. Simon Garfield, a map expert noted that it’s easier these days to use GPS on a smart phone than it is to look at an actual map.

“Garfield regretted that one of the losses is that we lose the beauty and romance of maps. But his concluding comments had a spiritual ring to me:   ‘The other thing we lose, is a sense of how big the world is. Because now we look at our map, there’s a real sense of, ‘Get me to where I want to go.’ Now you get the feeling, actually, ‘It’s all about me’ … It’s a terribly egocentric way of looking at the world. So I think the view of where we are in the world, in the history of the world, is changing. And I think in a way it’s one of the biggest, if not the biggest impacts of the digital and technological revolution – is how we see ourselves in the world.’

“As 2013 begins, it is good to reflect on the way we see ourselves in the world. Most of the time we are apt to reflect on our own financial situation, health, emotional landscape, and to-do list. Everything depends on how we are doing as an individual. It is a bit like looking on a Google map and seeing the dot in the middle showing where you are. Everything revolves around you.”

Here is why I thought these ideas are relevant to college students.

Whenever I get a chance to speak with executives or with people who do hiring, I ask them what they most look for in new employees. My goal of course is to get information to funnel to the Kemper Scholars I work with, giving them insights into how to further their professional careers.

Recently the answers to the question have had a consistency around two points: they want people who can communicate clearly, interestingly, and correctly (“Not at all a given with today’s college grads,” one executive told me.); and they want people who can work as part of a team.

As a former English professor, I have thought and written a great deal about communication skills – including in this blog, so I will spare you more. And the desire for employees who can work as part of a team is nothing new either. As I asked them to clarify, however, I heard some new things.

One executive compared her difficult search for team players with the paralysis in American legislative bodies. “People see themselves and their positions as the center of things. They demand that others adapt to them and not vice versa,” she told me. Sounds remarkably like Simon Garfield’s and Craig Mueller’s words above, right?

When I asked whether employers therefore prefer graduates who have been part of sports teams, the answer I got was “Maybe in the past. But now athletes are as likely to be grandstanders and hotshots as team players.”

Since most of American academia does not create situations where students must complete course assignments as part of a group, I suggest undergraduates would be wise to find teamwork opportunities on their own. These are most likely to occur in internships, jobs, and extra-curricular organizations.  Volunteer at an organization like Habitat for Humanity where everything is done in work teams. Learn how to operate as part of a group without being the leader. And when you do these things, take time to reflect on how people work best as groups and how setting aside your personal goals can get larger ones accomplished.

“People don’t want to buy a quarter-inch drill. They want a quarter-inch hole.”

Levitt was speaking about the misguided approach to advertising and marketing that emphasizes the features, characteristics, or specifications of a product. Marketers should be telling potential customers what a product can do, how it can meet their needs.

As I thought more about Levitt’s comment, it occurred to me that the same advice can be very helpful to job seekers.  Potential employers do not want a description of the jobs you’ve had, a list of personality traits, or a rehash of your college curriculum.

Employers want someone who can do a job for them. Usually it is a very particular job which they have described in their ad or announcement. Your best approach in cover letter, résumé, and interview will be to tell with concrete details what you have accomplished and how these accomplishments match those skills the employer seeks.

“You say that you want someone who can X, Y and Z? I’ve X’d, Y’d and Z’d many times in many circumstances with these positive results. And here are the names of some people who can tell you about it.”

Of course, this assumes that you have had jobs, campus roles or internships where you have gained hands-on work experience. It is not too late!

I was happy to see Mr. Smith’s observation, because it validates something we have learned from the Kemper Scholars Program over its more than sixty-five years. The skills organizations want in their employees and future leaders are the skills honed in the course of completing a liberal arts college education.

Despite all the punditry about what is new and different and changing and developing in the workplace, someone like Mr. Smith who does the hiring for one of the country’s major corporations reminds us that the ideal employee skills they are looking for have not really changed.

So if liberal arts college and university students will possess the skills at graduation, what do they need to do to secure those jobs reserved for the “perfect candidate”?

First, they need to be sure that they select courses and campus experiences that are challenging and will help them test and hone these skills.  Sign up for the logic course that will push your critical thinking skills. Even if it requires more work, take the course with the writing and speaking components that will give you opportunities to refine your communication skills. The best way to improve writing and speaking is to do them.

Second, they need to find non-classroom experiential opportunities in the workplace (jobs or internships) and extra-curricular leadership positions where they can test out and practice these skills. Things like collaboration, creativity, critical-thinking, and communication look different in the classroom than they do on the job. Having the chance to do them in this environment helps one to adapt these skills appropriately. For example, academic writing is communication, but not the style called for in the workplace.

Third, they need to reflect upon how the skills they learned on campus are playing out in the workplace and leadership positions. This practice will give them the confidence, the specific details and the vocabulary to show prospective employers in résumé, cover letters, and interviews that they in-deed have the skills employers seek in the perfect candidate.

One of my favorite Abraham Lincoln quotes is “Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser – in fees, expenses, and waste of time. As a peacemaker the lawyer has a superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough.” [1]

As a “recovering attorney” I now realize the importance that healing plays in bringing disputants together in a mutually satisfactory resolution.

It is crucial that we introduce students to the art of peacemaking.  I have integrated the practice of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in my undergraduate courses at the University of San Diego School of Business.[2]  Included under the umbrella of ADR are arbitration and mediation.  A central theme in mediation is peacemaking. 

The mediation of disputes through peacemaking is efficient, private, timely and less expensive than traditional litigation.  Participants in mediation are challenged to develop creative solutions to often-complex problems. 

Students from the University of San Diego recently competed in the 13^th Annual National Intercollegiate Mediation Tournament in Gainesville, Georgia.[3]  These students developed invaluable competencies in peacemaking and in the art of resolving disputes by mediation.  The art of peacemaking challenges students to be compassionate and learn to heal even the most intractable disputes.   

Mediation and peacemaking have a myriad of applications in business, law and personal disputes.  I have also observed effective mediation of international disputes that is literally changing the face of the world.  The mandate to engaging in peacemaking is perhaps best described by former United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren Burger.  The Chief Justice stated in 1980 that the obligation of attorneys is to “serve as healers of human conflict”.  He envisioned lawyers as “problem-solvers, harmonizers and peacemakers…the healers- not the promoters- of conflict”.[4]

As a fellow (and grateful!) Kemper Scholar, I challenge Kemper Scholars and all who read this blog  to envision a world where peacemaking and healing trump the traditional angst which has become all too common in law and business.                                                                                      Richard Custin

Richard E. Custin was a Hathaway Kemper Scholar Insurance Law Fellow and graduated from the Drake University Law School.  Custin is licensed to practice law in Illinois and California. He currently teaches at the University of San Diego.   Bio:  http://www.sandiego.edu/business/faculty/bio.php?id=823

When you apply for a job by email, should you write a full-blown cover letter?

The hiring experts say, “Yes.”  Though the form of delivery is different, the cover letter still serves its purpose of guiding the reader to see the connections between your resume and the desired characteristics mentioned in the job posting.

Highlight or expand upon those items in your résumé you think will show that you have the skills and traits the hirer seeks.  Use the same vocabulary used in the job posting.  If it said they want “creativity,” give evidence that you are creative and use that word. Remember that the reader may have scores, even hundreds, of applications to read; so you have to guide the reader to see what is most relevant.

Most first job applicants are in school or just graduated. You will be in the mode to write for professors in an academic style. Don’t. Be clear, concise, and pointed. Use straightforward Anglo-Saxon vocabulary when possible and use concrete, specific examples. If you majored in something like sociology or gender studies with a specialized vocabulary, do not use it unless you are applying for a job in that field and feel confident that your reader shares the same jargon.

Try to start out with a hook or punchy line that will grab your reader without being cute. You might begin with something like “Why would an education major think she is qualified to work in a bank?” Then go on to explain how you have developed the necessary skills and attitudes to fit in.

Attach a résumé to your email and note it after your signature, adding the program in which the résumé was prepared: “Attachment:  résumé in MSWord 2007.” If you have the latest version of the software, it would be good to save the attachment in an earlier version so the recipient will be able to open it. To be extra safe, you can copy and paste the resume into the email after the letter in addition to attaching it.

If you use boilerplate copy and recombine sections for a new email, be sure there is nothing in the copied material that shows it was written for another application – for example, the name of a company.  It is important to include specific references to the place you are applying, so in your boilerplate source document use colored highlighting to alert you to things you will need to change.

Finally, to avoid sending your email accidentally before you have proofread and edited it, do not fill in in the “To: line” until the very end.

A piece in the Chronicle of Higher Education on October 12, 2012 titled “Habits of Mind: Lessons for the Long Term” describes the argument this way: “the real value of a college education is how it affects the way students think and act, ideally for years after they graduate.” The intellectual virtues cited include critical thinking, open-mindedness, and intellectual courage.

Probably like most others whose lives and careers have been intimately connected with liberal arts education of the kind that happens in smaller colleges and universities, I find the argument resonant. If given a choice of skills to develop, the ones which will serve us longest deserve the most effort and resources, I would argue.

What we have learned from the Kemper Scholars Program, however, is that job skills and habits of mind are not at odds. Our experience shows that the two can come together comfortably in mentored experiential learning through professional internships. These kinds of experiences, in which students work in challenging internships accompanied by reflection, discussions, and mentoring, elucidate and concretize both professional work skills and habits of mind.

One of the most important things we have learned from the Kemper Scholars Program’s post-sophomore-year internships is the value of putting students in managerial areas of organizations rather than focusing on narrow skills related to their academic majors. In such positions they are likely to be called upon to use all their skills to deal with the complex issues that can arise on a daily basis. As a result, they know the value of all of these abilities and the reason to develop them.

We wish colleges and universities would make it possible for all students to have the same opportunities as Kemper Scholars!